Henry David Thoreau Essay Research Paper Henry free essay sample

Henry David Thoreau Essay, Research Paper Henry David Thoreau was a adult male who expressed his beliefs of society, authorities, and world while populating under his ain self-criticism. Thoreau believed he had many failings which made him a failure. This strong disapproval of himself contrasted with his powerful words and strong actions. These contradictions led to some of Thoreau # 8217 ; s greatest pieces of literature. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts on July 12, 1817, in his grandma # 8217 ; s house. Thoreau believed that Concord was, # 8220 ; the most estimable topographic point in all the universe, and in the really nick of clip, excessively # 8221 ; ( Harding 4 ) . Though Thoreau was born in # 8220 ; the epoch of good feeling, # 8221 ; his household experienced many bad lucks, politically, physically, and financially ( 4 ) . Thoreau # 8217 ; s male parent, John, was a little, quiet, adult male who got along with Henry on the surface, but it seems that the two neer rather understood each other # 8217 ; s desires. He had weakening wellness and this caused the household # 8217 ; s fiscal strain ( 11 ) . As for John and Henry # 8217 ; s relationship, Harding says, # 8220 ; Their relationship was one based more on acceptance than on enthusiasm # 8221 ; ( 9 ) . Cynthia Thoreau, Henry # 8217 ; s female parent, was more of an vocal dynamic individual. Though the household was hapless, she was known to ever hold plenty for her kids and her neighbours as good. It is evident that both parents passed on their love of nature to their kids ( 9,10 ) . After Henry # 8217 ; s birth, John was forced to subscribe over the household place in Boston. The household was forced to travel as they would many more times to come. On October 12, 1817, Henry was christened after his uncle David Thoreau, who had late died ( 11 ) . At the age of five Henry started school. This was the age that he went to see his grandma for first clip and had his first visit to Walden Pond. Thoreau remembers, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; one of the most ancient scenes stamped on the tablets of my memory # 8230 ; . That sweet purdah my spirit seemed so early to necessitate at one time gave the penchant to this deferral among the pines, where about sunlight and shadow were the lone dwellers that varied the scene, over the disruptive and varied metropolis, as if it had found its proper babys room # 8221 ; ( 13-14 ) . It is evident that Thoreau associates Walden Pond with his happiest memories. Thoreau was a profoundly spiritual adult male, but disliked church. He was really serious as a kid and loved his purdah ( Schneider 4 ) . Thoreau says he was genuinely happy when he could be by himself ( 25 ) . In 1828, Thoreau and his older brother John, to whom he was closest, went to Concord Academy. Henry was the smarter of the two and in 1833, was sent to Harvard University, where he did really good. It was there that Thoreau was foremost exposed to composing publically when the Editor of the Dial, which is a periodical for a transcendentalist group, gave him a occupation. In 1837, Thoreau graduated form Harvard and this is where he foremost heard Ralph Waldo Emerson speak. It was at this clip that he began composing his diary. He started learning in Concord # 8217 ; s Center School for a brief period of two hebdomads. Thoreau was told to implement corporate penalty in the schoolroom and he resigned. He ended up working in his male parent # 8217 ; s pencil mill where he improved American pencils. He did this by bettering the method of blending black lead which he discovered by researching the European methods of doing pencils. This made his male parent # 8217 ; s company the leader in the American market. It was besides at this clip in his life that David Henry had his name changed to Henry David. In clip, Thoreau became good friends with R.W. Emerson and Emerson took on the function of Thoreau # 8217 ; s wise man. Thoreau found support in Emerson # 8217 ; s individuality and doctrines. Both work forces took a nonnatural position of the universe. In 1839, Thoreau and his brother John reopened the Concord Academy. They so took a boating trip on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers to Hooksett, New Hampshire, and to Mount Washington. In 1840, Thoreau published his first piece of poesy in the Dial. Merely a few of his pieces from these publications are remembered, such as, # 8220 ; Sic Vita, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Smoke, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Inspiration, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Bluebirds. # 8221 ; His love of nature was expressed in his essays such as, # 8220 ; The Natural History of Massachusetts, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; A Winter Walk. # 8221 ; While this was a positive clip in Thoreau # 8217 ; s life the following twelvemonth held some adversities. The school shut down due to his brother # 8217 ; s unwellness, and Thoreau moved in with William Emerson as his handy-man in order to do money. He still continued to print his poesy and essays in the Dial. The two nonnatural friends, R. W. Emerson and Thoreau began to differ in their doctrines. Thoreau was going a strong truster that the material universe existed where Emerson believed more in the being of the human psyche ( Schneider 4,6-8 ) . Thoreau is known to hold fallen in love with Ellen Sewall, who was besides the involvement of his brother, John. However, she turned them both down in matrimony. It is believed that Henry neer had another love involvement. Horace Hosmer says, # 8220 ; he did non hold the # 8216 ; love -idea # 8217 ; in him: i.e. he did non look to experience the sex-attraction # 8221 ; ( 9 ) . He is portrayed as a homosexual adult male and some of his plants are contained in homosexual books. Walter Harding says, # 8220 ; there is grounds of a strong homoerotic component in Thoreau # 8217 ; s personality-although I should add that to the best of my cognition no factual grounds of homosexualism on Thoreaus # 8217 ; s portion has been exposed # 8221 ; ( 9 ) . There is no cogent evidence that Thoreau was a homosexual, but it would do sense to recognize his disinterest in sex was due to his hunt of moral pureness. Thoreau was a adult male who found no love in society, hence he turned to nature ( 9 ) . In 1842, John Thoreau died of tetanus. This terrible emphasis caused Henry to endure from psychosomatic symptoms of lockjaw. Soon after John # 8217 ; s decease, William Emerson # 8217 ; s boy, Waldo, died. The tragic emphasis of these two incidents in such a short affair of clip was a really unsmooth period for Thoreau. In 1844, Thoreau worked in his male parent # 8217 ; s pencil mill once more. During this clip his love for nature grew and continued to remind him of his brother. In 1845, Thoreau moved to Walden Pond and built a one room cabin. It was here where he began his work on the first of his two published plants of literature, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River. It was in 1846, when Thoreau spent the dark in gaol for declining to pay a canvass revenue enhancement in order to protest the authoritiess participationin the Mexican War and their allowance of bondage. As Schneider says, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; he spent his celebrated dark in gaol # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 14 ) . He believed he was doing an unbelievable statement that would put a theoretical account for the remainder of society. Unfortunately, his action had small consequence on the people, which led to his essay # 8220 ; Civil Disobedience # 8221 ; ( 14 ) . In this essay, Thoreau explains how he could non name a authorities his ain that allowed bondage. He foremost delivered this essay as a address called, # 8220 ; The Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government # 8221 ; ( Meltzer 44 ) . It did non go known as # 8220 ; Civil Disobedience # 8221 ; until after Thoreau # 8217 ; s decease. His powerful and persuasive words in this address trade with moral issues and their struggle with the jurisprudence ( 44 ) . Besides at this clip, Thoreau took his first trip to the Maine Forests where he climbed the Mount Ktahdin ( sic ) . He gained much from of his clip spent at Walden Pond and got much accomplished. He completed the unsmooth bill of exchange of his 2nd and best known piece of work, Walden ( Schneider 14 ) . Harding Tells us Thoreau lived at Walden two old ages, two yearss, and two months out of his 44 old ages of life ( Hicks 47 ) . He felt that this was clip good exhausted and a good facet to his life, about like a life completed to his overall life. Thoreau left Walden Pond to return to town and work on composing and talking. He stayed with the Emerson # 8217 ; s for a clip and than his parents. The twelvemonth 1849 saw the publication of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers and the talk # 8220 ; Civil Disobedience. # 8221 ; Unfortunately, A Week was non a immense hit and this lone down Thoreau. In 1854, Walden was published by Ticknor and Fields and sold really good. Over the following few old ages Thoreau took many trips to Cape Cod, New England, New Jersey, and the Maine Woods. He met many new interesting people such as John Brown and Walt Whitman. In 1859, Thoreau # 8217 ; s male parent died and he inherited the pencil mill. At this clip, he was giving talks and composing essays. In 1860, Thoreau # 8217 ; s concluding unwellness began to fall. He still wanted to work. He continued to compose verse forms such as # 8220 ; Wild Apples # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Autumnal Tints # 8221 ; which consisted of his nonnatural positions which remained changeless throughout his calling as an creative person. In 1860, Thoreau contracted bronchitis and went to Minnesota to happen a desiccant clime, nevertheless, he returned place when the alteration did non seem to assist. On May 6, 1862, Thoreau died in Concord ( Schneider 9,11-14,16,19,21 ) . Thoreau spent his life seeking to understand the semblances of the material universe and see past them and understand truth. His life is a contrast between two extremes, pure transcendental philosophy and surface ideals. It is said that merely in Walden did he show a balance between the existent universe and his art ( 23 ) . Thoreau was an unbelievable American writer. Harmonizing to his diary, he thought of himself as a poet, though Stern tells us his prose was much better than his poetry. Thoreau had the ability to read people for who they truly were. He had high outlooks of people and could hardly run into these outlooks himself. His life was full of seeking for truth, beauty, and honest apprehension for a better life for world ( Stern 15 ) . This seeking was due to his uncertainty and unreciprocated inquiries. Many thought Thoreau was stuck up, but he was merely self-critical. As Thoreau says, # 8220 ; I neer dreamed of any outrageousness greater than I have committed. I neer knew and neer shall cognize, a worse adult male than myself # 8221 ; ( 16 ) . In this quotation mark from Walden, we see his arrant disgust with himself. Much of Thoreau # 8217 ; s letdown in himself stemmed from his high outlooks of society and other people. These let-downs non merely made him fed up with society and the universe, but besides himself because he could non alter it ( 16 ) . Due to Thoreau # 8217 ; s low self-opinion he had wide temper swings. Excerpts from his diary show this wide contrast clearly. January 6, 1857 ; IX, 206, # 8220 ; The storms are happy, Concord is happy, and I am happy excessively, # 8221 ; This shows some credence of himself when it came to his intelligence and endowment, but his unsettled sentiment and unachievable criterions can be seen in his authorship from the really following twenty-four hours, # 8220 ; In the street and in society I am about constantly inexpensive and dissipated, my life is ineffably average # 8221 ; ( 25 ) . Thoreau, like any creative person, would torment himself through extended internal tests. These extremes of both his witting and unconscious heads make up Walden ( 25 ) . Walden is a great classic of American literature and one of two of Thoreau # 8217 ; s published pieces of literature. The other 1 is A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Both of these classics stress the writer # 8217 ; s love of nature and found their beginnings at Walden Pond. Thoreau has other books that are aggregation of essays, talks, assorted jaunts, and Reform Papers ( Johnson 3 ) . A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers is written about the boat trip Thoreau and his brother took on the rivers Concord and Merrimack. Thoreau began composing this after his brothers decease. Emerson is besides considered one of his inspirations for composing this book. He included much of his travel cognition, and things he read at Harvard such as pastoral supplications. His journey on the river taken with his brother is quoted in one essay, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; he therefore depicted the journey as a backdown from the small town to an good poetic universe where he and his brother achieve a closer Communion with nature # 8221 ; ( Johnson 3 ) . His two earlier jaunts were, # 8220 ; A Walk to Wachusett # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; A Winter Walk # 8221 ; which were published in the Dial. In these Hagiographas, Thoreau used this trip as a religious pursuit for spiritualty and imaginativeness. His usage of nature symbols such as mountains and rivers became prevailing cardinal characteristic in A Week. When he began utilizing his retentive memories to compose the book he used many entries from his diary. He besides used other inspirations such as a walking circuit he took in southern New England in 1848. It was at that place he dealt with the issue of the growing of the Merrimack River since 1839. Harmonizing to Johnson, # 8220 ; By the clip it was published in 1849, A Week was therefore composed of a carefully orchestrated series of jaunts through New England, at one time a pastoral kingdom, a primitive wilderness, and a bustling industrial part # 8221 ; ( 4 ) . Henry and John left Concord on Saturday, August 31, 1839 on the Musketaquid, a boat they built and gave the Indian name of the Concord River. Thoreau includes things such as what the darks were like at their campgrounds, and their extended advancement up the Merrimack River. Their river journey ended on Wednesday dark where they so walked 10 stat mis back to Concord. He mentions the tourer attractive forces they saw such as the basin and flume at Lincoln, Franconia Notch, and the old adult male of the mountains they saw from Echo Lake. He did non needfully depict these things in great item, but we can still see the personal feeling in it ( 5-6 ) . Due to Thoreau’s composite and back and forth personality, in clip, he viewed his trip as a trip of the head, spirit, and organic structure. We get this from his journal entries. In them he describes a backdown to a dateless universe, but does non overlook things and people that were along the Concord and Merrimack. He wanted to show nature and adult male as one ( 9-10 ) . A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers is one of his most nonnatural pieces of literature. Walter Harding summarizes: # 8220 ; [ Recent critics ] see the book as # 8216 ; a hunt for the sacred # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; an expounding of the nonnatural experience # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; a defence of the American Indian # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; a encomium to the Greek gods. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Schneider 28 ) . The point he is seeking to do is that critics can non hold on Thoreau # 8217 ; s efforts at integrity in this book. It is agreed that the most obvious structural device he uses is that of a round journey, such as a surface fact that the brothers # 8217 ; journey began and ended in Concord. Thoreau himself says, # 8220 ; we were rowing homeward to happen some autumnal work to make, and assist the revolution of the seasons # 8221 ; ( 29 ) . Along the trip, Thoreau portrays the sights he sees and refers to plants of ocular art. We see specific images such as the landscape, the scene, and a adult male and his Canis familiaris ( Schneider 30 ) . We see the personal imagination and sense a feeling of reality through the unbelievable usage of vocabulary and description. His words are like those of an creative person depicting a picture. Another facet of Thoreau # 8217 ; s transcendental philosophy is his disconnected displacements from the yesteryear to the nowadays. He is seeking to interrupt down the differentiations between the two. Images of the forenoon, twenty-four hours, and flushing are used to portray the continuity and integrity of the yesteryear, nowadays, and the hereafter. Thoreau negotiations about the initiation of the town of Billerica, and so leaps into long essays on myths, fabrications, and legends every bit good. Sometimes he will utilize # 8220 ; I # 8221 ; and other times # 8220 ; we # 8221 ; ( 31 ) . This is all portion of the nonnatural experience. Thoreau # 8217 ; s overall subjects of life are predominant in A Week. His uninterrupted battle with lasting in the universe without selling out like the bulk of society is his most clearly seen subject. We besides see Thoreau as he tries to cover with his inquiries and battles. By usage of his transcendental philosophy, Thoreau implies that the material universe is non true, it is non # 8220 ; existent # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; significant # 8221 ; ( 34 ) . He finds much letdown in the people of society which is reflected in his ain ego sentiment. Thoreau had outlooks of happening religious truth in nature, non through it. He believed it was a symbol and that we should be able to see God ( 36 ) . These contrasting thoughts show us Thoreau # 8217 ; s agencies of screening out his confusion and concluding his ego accounts. A Week consists of thoughts on how to populate a successful and full nonnatural life by doing usage of # 8220 ; consecutive twenty-four hours journeys # 8221 ; toward # 8220 ; ageless day. # 8221 ; Thoreau saw two waies that he approved of, that of the # 8220 ; hero # 8221 ; and that of the # 8220 ; poet. # 8221 ; Schneider tells us, # 8220 ; his end was to unite the two on the nonnatural premise that the greatest life is the greatest poesy, and frailty versa # 8221 ; ( 37 ) . Thoreau used the thoughts that as a hero-poet he needed to detect that his ain personal individuality was created by his ain alone head. At the same clip he needed to recognize his head was portion of God # 8217 ; s. Thoreau says, # 8220 ; Let us roll where we will the existence is built unit of ammunition about us, and we are cardinal still. # 8221 ; This clearly shows us his nonnatural position of the universe being an extension of our heads ( 39 ) . Walden was started near to two old ages after A Week and is considered the chef-doeuvre of the two plants. There is more assurance in consolidative art and life and his positions of life are more confident. Richard Lebeaux observes, # 8220 ; By the terminal of his first twelvemonth at Walden, Thoreau had eventually succeeded in settling on and constructing a solid early grownup life construction # 8221 ; ( Schneider 45-46 ) . In Walden, Thoreau uses the same round form as in A Week, but this clip it is that Time of the twelvemonth which is paralleled by that of twenty-four hours. Most of what he writes about in Walden is based on his first twelvemonth life by the pool. Thingss such as his dark in gaol, trip to Mount Katahdin, and scientific surveies of the 2nd twelvemonth he merely touches upon. This helped to unite the book. This great integrity creates a character right in the beginning which you must go familiar with in order to understand the remainder of the book. The character is created by the foundation of the cabin on land and by the reader # 8217 ; s extension which allows for a better position of life. Thoreau is far plenty from Concord to see it objectively, but he is non wholly detached ( Schneider 47 ) . He tells us his intent for composing this book was to reply inquiries about his ain life, and as Schneider tells us, to edify pupils who are # 8220 ; intellectually hapless and unenlightened that they do non cognize how to populate # 8221 ; ( 47-48 ) . It is evident that Thoreau was concerned about the heads of his readers and their ethical motives. This presents a strong entreaty to immature people, people who believe in alteration, and even rebellious people. Walden is thought of as a book about societal protest, an autobiography, and a journey into doctrine and nature which evokes strong feelings. Stern says, # 8220 ; Walden was to be his personal testament, the kernel of all he had observed and set down in his Journal, the conveying together of everything he had felt and thought about # 8221 ; ( 7 ) . Many people look at the manner of Walden more than its content. Critic, Charles R. Anderson, thinks that the book should be read as a verse form instead than a book. He explains how it can be looked at as a web or circle. Walden Pond is in the center which represents the peaceable province for which adult male hunts. He says there are radial lines of humor taking off from the center which run across the animal life. These lines have homocentric circles which are ends of happening the perfect life or Heaven. He besides says that this circle is so tightly constructed that when any portion of it is disturbed the whole piece is effected. He feels that Walden is a great verse form that expresses the true desires of the universe and it is sad that the human race could non achieve them ( Stern 10-11 ) . There are other great techniques Thoreau includes such as his involvement in natural history, political relations, economic sciences, prose manner, mistiming, divinity, etc # 8230 ; . Many of the particular chapters are viewed critically in Walden. Some critics who believe that Walden is specifically a nature verse form think that merely those chapters refering to nature should be included. They believe # 8220 ; Economy # 8221 ; should be skipped because it deals with political relations, along with philosophical chapters such as # 8220 ; Where I lived and What I Lived for, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Higher Laws, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Conclusion. # 8221 ; This belief led to Thoreau being considered a nature author and non a philosopher or literary figure, stated by Harding ( Hicks 44-45 ) . There are, nevertheless, those that believe Thoreau is non a typical nature author. He is non cunning, sentimental, proficient, or dull. He does non give lower categories of animate beings human features, but does non degrade them either. He uses humor and wit to indicate merriment at, non merely animate beings, but worlds every bit good. Walden trades with worlds populating simple lives, non merely to accept them, but to bask them every bit good. In the first chapter, Thoreau tells us that we should follow our ain manner of life and do things our ain manner instead than that of our parents. He makes us recognize the complexness of civilised life and to take our ain personal desires instead than those imposed on us by society. He tells us that we should worry more about making what is right for us and non what is right for our neighbours. For if we live for others we will discover that when it comes clip to decease we will hold lived for nil. At the terminal of his ain life Thoreau says, # 8220 ; I suppose that I have non many months to populate ; but, of class, I cognize nil about it. I may add that I am basking being every bit much as of all time, and repent nil # 8221 ; ( 47 ) . Harding Tells us it is evident that Walden is devoted to replying how we happen the kernel of life and this is seen in # 8220 ; Where I Lived and What I Lived For # 8221 ; : Our life is frittered off by item. # 8230 ; simpleness, simpleness, simpleness! # 8230 ; Let us pass one twenty-four hours as intentionally as Nature, and non be thrown off the path by every nutshell and mosquito # 8217 ; s flying that falls on the tracks ( Hicks 48 ) . Walden is besides seen as a satirical unfavorable judgment of modern life and life. The sarcastic side of Thoreau is sometimes misunderstood and he is taken excessively earnestly. Thoreau expresses much wit in this book and should non be taken rather so earnestly. Hick tells us, Thoreau expresses his humor and wit through the usage of literary devices such as, # 8220 ; wordplaies, exaggeration, slapstick, jeer, lampoon, and burlesque # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 50 ) . Most of his wit is pointed at society and establishments which Thoreau believed could utilize reform. A good illustration of this: We are eager to burrow under the Atlantic and convey the Old World some hebdomads nearer to the New ; but perchance the first intelligence that will leak through into the wide, flapping American ear will be that the Princess Adelaide has the whooping cough ( Hicks 50-51 ) . This is a perfect illustration of the manner people are in society when it comes to their precedences and their involvement in the personal businesss of others. Thoreau is indicating merriment at how people would be more interested in chitchat than any significant information. Walden is looked upon as an improbably written literary chef-doeuvre. It is said that he wrote the first Modern American prose. Walden is abstractly written with each well constructed paragraph, line, and sentence falling nicely into topographic point together. The rhythms of escapades take topographic point in one twelvemonth. Each chapter in the book has its ain set topographic point. The religious and everyday chapters are carefully alternated. # 8220 ; Higher Laws # 8221 ; is followed by # 8220 ; Brute Neighbors. # 8221 ; The practical is followed by the philosophical with # 8220 ; Economy # 8221 ; so # 8220 ; Where I Lived # 8230 ; . # 8221 ; The carnal chapter is followed by the human one where # 8220 ; Winter Visitors # 8221 ; is followed by # 8220 ; Winter Animals. # 8221 ; Chapters that are following to each other are tied together by contrast such as # 8220 ; Solitude # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Visitors. # 8221 ; Some are tied together chronologically such as # 8220 ; The Pond in Winter # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Spring. # 8221 ; The three major expository chapters, # 8220 ; Economy, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Higher Laws, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Conclusion, # 8221 ; are strategically placed in the beginning, in-between, and terminal. Harding Tells us Walden contains 423 good structured, long paragraphs. Thoreau uses a device known as # 8220 ; flood tide stoping # 8221 ; ( Hicks 53 ) , where the last sentence carries the paragraph a small farther and beyond what it is stating. The paragraphs are independent, but can non be moved without damaging the full work. Thoreau besides utilizations unbelievable and complex vocabulary with words such as ; # 8220 ; # 8230 ; integument, shady, faint, nutriment, fluviatile, and periplus. # 8221 ; ( Hicks 54 ) . A dictionary is required merely to read the book. Thoreau besides alludes to Greek Gods, Biblical phrases, he quotes other poets, and alludes or refers to earlier authorization figures in history or antediluvian classics ( 51-54 ) . Yet another manner to look at Walden is on a religious degree. A major thesis of Thoreau is a religious metempsychosis and this is more apparent in, # 8220 ; Economy, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Where I Lived # 8230 ; , # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Higher Laws, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Conclusion. # 8221 ; This is why Walden has become a religious guidebook to many ( Hicks 55 ) . Thoreau shows us that we need to pass more clip breaking ourselves than inventing agencies of destructing the remainder of the universe. We non merely see the reclamation psyche, but the Earth every bit good ( 55 ) . All these parts, thoughts and constructs conceive our ain beliefs about the stuff which we read and the writer who writes it. Thoreau was a complex adult male in hunt of religious peace and felicity while combating his ain personal battle. It was his disgust of society and the universe around him which led to his ain negative self-opinion. While this was an unhealthy attitude it contributed to some of Thoreau # 8217 ; s best pieces of literature. 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